L3 U1 Quiz

Where does the tricuspid valve prevent backflow of blood?

From the right atrium to the right ventricle
From the right ventricle to the right atrium
From the left atrium to the left ventricle
From the left ventricle to the left atrium

Which of the following occurs during ventricular systole in the heart?

Ventricular volume increases
Bicuspid (mitral) valve opens
Ventricular pressure increases
Aortic pressure decreases

Which of the following initiates the heart’s nerve impulses?

SA node
AV node
The bundle of HIS
The Purkinje fibres

What is peripheral artery disease?

A condition where arteries in the peripheral circulation become narrowed, usually due to atherosclerosis
A condition where there is a build-up of plaque in the arteries that supply oxygen rich blood to the heart
A condition where veins are swollen and enlarged that usually occur on the legs and feet
A condition that affects the circulation when cold, anxious, or stressed causing fingers and toes to change colour

The formation of fatty deposits in the walls of the coronary blood vessels is called:

Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
Angina pectoris
Alloarthroplasty

Which of the following activities is contraindicated for a client with hypertension?

Aerobic exercise
Isometric exercise
Static stretching
Max effort lifting

The Valsalva Manoeuvre

decreases blood pressure during heavy lifting
is recommended for individuals with high blood pressure
involves relaxed and rhymical breathing
protects the low back during heavy lifting

Running too much too soon increases the risk of which of the following conditions?

Diabetes
Osteoarthritis
Tendinopathy
Coronary artery disease

Which of the following is a significant benefit of regular aerobic exercise on cardiovascular health?

A lower cardiac output
Lower peripheral resistance
A higher resting heart rate
A decrease in blood volume

Which of the following readings describes normal blood pressure?

120/80 mmHg
100/60 mmHg
140/100 mmHg
160/ 120 mmHg

Which of the following training types would most likely lower blood pressure in the long term?

Aerobic exercise
Strength training
Power exercise
Flexibility training

Which of the following represents the flow of blood around the body?

Vena cava – capillaries -left atrium – veins – arteries – right ventricle
Aorta – arteries -left atrium – left ventricle – capillaries – pulmonary vein
Pulmonary artery – right ventricle – right atrium – capillaries – arterioles
Pulmonary vein – left atrium – left ventricle – aorta – arteries – arterioles

Which of the following correctly identifies the order of muscle structure from largest to smallest?

Muscle belly – muscle fibres – fascicles – myofibrils – sarcomeres
Muscle belly – fascicles – muscle fibres – myofibrils – sarcomeres
Muscle fibres – myofibrils – muscle belly – sarcomeres – fascicles
Fascicles – muscles fibres – muscle belly – sarcomeres – myofibrils

The organelle responsible for storing calcium ions in muscle fibres is called:

The sarcoplasmic reticulum
Fascia
The sarcolemma
A fascicle

Which of the following accurately describes an aspect of muscle contraction?

Action potentials trigger acetylcholine release from the neuromuscular junction
Sodium is released from the sarcolemma to bind to the myosin heads
The breakdown of ADP results in the sliding muscle filaments over each other
The power stroke occurs when actin bends to attach to myosin

Which of the following activities strongly activates Type 2b motor units?

Spinning
Hypertrophy training
Olympic weightlifting
800m running

What is the effect of regular long distance running on muscle?

Atrophy of smooth muscle tissue
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Type 2b fibre hypertrophy
Type 1 fibre atrophy

The point of origin of the biceps brachii muscle attaches to which of the following bones?

Femur and patella
Iliac crest and pubis
Scapula and humerus
Clavicle and sternum

The origin of the biceps femoris is attached to what bone?

Pubis
Ischium
Iliac crest
Tibia

What muscles inserts on to the olecranon process

Biceps brachii
Pectoralis major
Latissimus dorsi
Triceps brachii

What is the name of the large muscle located on the anterior aspect of the torso?

Sternocleidomastoid
Deltoid
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor

What is the name of a plane of movement that vertically splits the body into front and back parts?

Frontal
Sagittal
Transverse
Longitudinal

Which of following joint movements occurs the sagittal plane?

Knee flexion
Hip abduction
Shoulder rotation
Hip adduction

What is the concentric action hamstring muscles?

Knee extension
Trunk flexion
Hip extension
Ankle plantarflexion

What is the concentric action of the rectus abdominis muscle?

Trunk extension
Trunk flexion
Trunk rotation
Lateral flexion

What type of joint has the most movement?

Synovial
Fibrous
Semi-moveable
Cartilaginous

What joint has the highest injury risk due to its structure?

Hip
Shoulder
Ankle
Elbow

What are the three components of a lever system?

Mass, Weight, Velocity
Effort, Force, Fulcrum
Effort, Load, Fulcrum
Weight, Load, Fulcrum

The calf raise exercise is an example of which of the following lever systems?

1st class
2nd class
3rd class
4th class

The shoulder girdle is capable of which of the following movements?

Dorsiflexion
Extension
Retraction
Inversion

What action is occurring if the angle between two body part is decreasing?

Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction

Which of the following statements is correct about the female pelvis?

Wider hips in females causes an increased varus knee angle
Compared to males, the pubic arch is usually narrower in females
Female iliac crests are higher than males, thus appear taller
The acetabula are wider apart and face more medially in females than in males

What is the primary function of the ligamentum flavum ligament?

Preventing hyperextension
Recoiling when standing up
Limiting forward flexion
Limiting lateral flexion

Core stability exercise aims to targets which of the following muscles?

Transversus abdominis
Latissimus dorsi
Rectus abdominis
External obliques

What is a feature of the outer unit muscles?

They attach one spinal segment to an adjacent segment
They function to control spinal segments directly
They are involved in global movements such as running
They produce low-level forces all the time

Which of the following is part of the ‘local’ or inner unit group of muscles?

Rectus abdominis
Mutifidus
Internal oblique
Longissimus

The posterior oblique sling includes which of the following muscle groups?

Erector spinae and biceps femoris
Gluteus maximus and contralateral latissimus dorsi
Internal obliques and contralateral pectoralis major
Hip abductors and contralateral quadratus lumborum

Which of the following best represents the ideal posture when assessing posture using a plumb line?

Just in front of the lumbar vertebral bodies – slightly anterior to the ear lobe
Posterior to the centre of the elbow – slightly anterior to the thoracic spine
Through the centre of the patella – just behind the thoracic vertebrae
Just in front of the lateral malleolus – through the lumbar vertebral bodies

Which of the following best identifies upper and lower crossed syndrome?

Forward head posture – thoracic lordosis – anterior pelvic tilt – knee flexion – ankle dorsiflexion
Forward head posture – thoracic kyphosis – lumbar Lordosis – anterior pelvic tilt – ankle plantarflexion
Backward head posture – thoracic kyphosis – lumbar kyphosis – posterior pelvic tilt, ankle dorsiflexion
Backward head posture – thoracic lordosis – lumbar kyphosis – posterior pelvic tilt -knee hyperextension

Which of the following causes of postural deviation is a modifiable factor?

Damage to joints
Changes in muscle length
Leg length discrepancy
Scoliosis

Insufficient stabilisation of the spine is associated with the risk of which of the following?

Hypomobility
High blood pressure
Osteoporosis
Hypermobility

Which of the following exercise strategies could improve postural kyphosis?

Scapula protraction movements
Modified deadlifting movements
Bench press exercise
Plyometric movements

Which of the following is true regarding ballistic stretching exercise?

Hold each ballistic stretch for 10-15s
Is best performed during a cool down component
Aids the relaxation of muscle post exercise
Ballistic stretching uses speed and momentum

Which of the following best describes the role of the central nervous system?

Connects the spinal cord to the organs, muscles, and glands
To receive and process sensory information into motor information
Organises simple reflexes into more complex movements
Synthesises and storage of neurotransmitters and action potentials

Which of the following is an example of the response function of the nervous system?

Storing sensory information
Measuring changes that occur inside and outside the body
Interpreting sensory input
Activating muscles and glands

What is the name given to the branched projections on the cell body of a neuron?

Axon terminals
Myelin sheath
Swahnn cells
Dendrites

What is the role of the myelin sheath in neurotransmission?

Thermal insulation of neuronal axons
Limit the speed of the action potential
Enhance the speed of the action potential
Protect the neuronal soma from trauma

What is the primary role of a motor unit?

To produce muscle force
Storage of calcium and other minerals
Detecting sensory information
To coordinate muscle activity

Muscle rate coding involves

Increasing the rate of nerve impulse transmission
Synchronising greater motor units in a single muscle
Increasing muscle blood flow
Activating the power stroke mechanism

What is the Henneman size principle?

The order muscles are recruited across joints
length-tension relationship between opposing muscles
The order of slow to fast-twitch motor unit recruitment
The relationship between a muscle’s strength and size

What is the function of a muscle spindle?

Detect changes in muscle length
To initiate muscle contraction
Detect levels of muscle tension
To stimulate a muscle relaxation response

Simultaneous excitatory and inhibitory muscle activity is known as

facilitated inhibition
reciprocal inhibition
reciprocal excitability
facilitated excitability

The stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) involves

an isometric movement followed quickly by a concentric movement
an eccentric movement followed quickly by a concentric movement
a concentric movement followed quickly by an eccentric movement
an isometric movement followed quickly by an eccentric movement

The eccentric phase during the stretch-shortening cycle is referred to as the

time delay phase
acceleration phase
pre-loading phase
follow through phase

Which of the following is a neuromuscular adaptation to exercise?

Slower nerve impulses
Fewer neural connections
Longer reaction times
Improved balance

How does improved neuromuscular coordination benefit exercise performance?

Increases power output
Increases heart rate response
Increases oxygen supply
Increases energy synthesis

Energy metabolism, reproduction, growth, and development are controlled by which body system?

Endocrine system
Muscular system
Digestive system
Lymphatic system

Endocrine glands secrete

ions
enzymes
minerals
hormones

The gland located at the base of the throat is called the

pituitary gland
pineal gland
hypothalamus
thyroid gland

What is the name of the gland located just superior to the kidneys?

Pituitary
Adrenal
Pancreas
Hypothalamus

Growth hormone is synthesised in the

pituitary gland
pancreas
hypothalamus
parathyroid gland

What is the role of growth hormone?

Development
The fight or flight response
Energy metabolism
Maintaining blood glucose

Which hormone is responsible for the uptake of glucose from the blood into cells?

Insulin
Testosterone
Glucagon
Melatonin

The chemical energy powering muscle contraction is called

phosphocreatine (PC)
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
lactic acid
oxygen

Glycolysis is a biological process involving

synthesising glucose molecules from pyruvate molecules
splitting one glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules
a surplus supply of oxygen and carbon dioxide
the breakdown of amino acids to supply energy

Under anaerobic conditions pyruvate is converted to

lactic acid
water
glucose
carbon dioxide

Which of the following activities predominately uses the ATP-PC system?

Discuss throwing
A 400m sprint
Playing football
Running a marathon

Muscle fatigue is caused by which of the following by-products?

Water
Carbon dioxide
Lactic acid
Oxygen

What is the primary energy system used for all-out maximal effort lasting one minute?

ATP-PC system
Lactic acid system
Oxygen system
Aerobic system

Which of the following best describes the percentage contribution of each energy system for an athlete running continuously for five minutes?

10% creatine phosphate (ATP-PC), 30% lactic acid (anaerobic glycolysis), 60% aerobic
30% creatine phosphate (ATP-PC), 60% lactic acid (anaerobic glycolysis), 10% aerobic
60% creatine phosphate (ATP-PC), 30% lactic acid (anaerobic glycolysis), 10% aerobic
20% creatine phosphate (ATP-PC), 60% lactic acid (anaerobic glycolysis), 20% aerobic

What area of the body is the femur is located?

Upper arm
Lower arm
Upper leg
Lower leg

What bone supports the shoulder by functioning as a strut?

Sternum
Scapular
Humerus
Clavicle

What is the primary function of a flat bone?

To protect internal organs such as the brain
To increase the mechanical advantage across a joint
To act as a lever for movement
To provide stability to the wrist and ankle joints

The sternum fits into which of bone classification?

Flat
Short
Long
Irregular

Which of the following is true regarding bone growth?

Primary ossification occurs after birth
Puberty results in the slowing of bone growth
Menopause results in a rapid loss of bone
90% of bone growth occurs by the age of 13

Which of the following are true regarding bone cells?

Osteoblast cells function to build new bone
Osteoclast cells mature into osteocytes
Osteoblast cells resorb bone into the bloodstream
Osteoblasts cells can transform into osteoclast cells

Which of the following best states the stages of bone remodelling?

Resting state >> Resorption >> Reversal >> Formation >> Mineralisation
Reversal >> Resorption >> Resting state >> Mineralisation >> Formation
Resting state >> Resorption >> Formation >> Reversal >> Mineralisation
Formation >> Resorption >> Resting state >> Reversal >> Mineralisation

What advice would you give to increase bone density?

Avoid sunlight exposure
Eat a diet high in sugar
Include high impact exercise
Maintain a low body weight

Which of the following activities is best for increasing bone density?

Endurance running
Weight training
Swimming
Walking

What is a potential effect on the spine from abdominal obesity?

Increased lumbar curve
Reduced lumbar curve
Scoliosis
Reduced thoracic curve

L3 U1 Quiz

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